Tag: Outlander episode 605

Posted on

Anatomy Lesson Outlander Trauma-Drama, Part 2

Hey, all.

Hope you had a grand couple of weeks awaiting part two of Outlander Trauma-Drama… Here it is. Yay! 🤗

Our last Anatomy Lesson, Outlander Trauma-Drama, Part 1, showed the system pathologists use to classify trauma. In that lesson, we covered different types of mechanical trauma including contusion, abrasion, laceration, incision, avulsion, projectile injury, and puncture wounds.

Remember? Yasss! 😊

    • Mechanical trauma
      • Contusion
      • Abrasion
      • Laceration
      • Incision
      • Avulsion
      • Projectile injuries
      • Puncture wounds
    • Thermal Injury
    • Radiation Injury
    • Personal Exposure (tobacco and alcohol)
    • Therapeutic Drugs
    • Air Pollution
    • Industrial Exposures
    • Agricultural Hazards
    • Natural Toxins
    • Oxygen Deprivation
    • Infectious Agents
    • Immunological Diseases
    • Genetic Derangements
    • Nutritional Diseases

Today’s lesson continues with the trauma-drama theme ‘cos there are still loads of Outlander owies to uncover and discover!

Again, examples from Diana’s big books and the Starz Outlander series will serve as anatomical models for the injuries. 👍🏻

Today’s lesson will cover thermal injury and alcohol abuse. So, let’s get started!

There are six types of Thermal Injury:

    • Thermal burns
    • Hyperthermia
    • Chilblains
    • Hypothermia
    • Frostbite
    • Electrical injury

Here we go!

Thermal Burns: Thermal burns are caused by harmful exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation.

Thermal burns are usually classified as first, second, or third degree burns. Occasionally, we hear of fourth degree burns, but do you ken there are also fifth and sixth degrees? Indeed there are! 🤓

Some students may have read Anatomy Lesson #5 and Anatomy Lesson #6 wherein we learned that skin is composed of epidermis (surface layer of skin cells) and dermis (underlying connective tissue). Thus, another useful way of grading thermal burns is to describe their relative depths.

Partial-thickness Burn: This type damages the epidermis or both the epidermis and outer dermis; it includes first and second degree burns. Such burns are red and may blister and are very painful. Most partial-thickness burns heal without scarring because hair follicle cells regenerate to cover the damaged surface. Even here, if a partial-thickness burn is too large, a skin graft may be required.

Full-thickness Burns: Full-thickness burns extend through both epidermis and  dermis and into underlying tissues. Such wounds are typically aesthetic (painless) because nerve endings are destroyed, although the rim of such a burn is usually painful. Full-thickness burns include third, fourth, fifth and sixth degree burns which may pass into muscle and bone. Fifth and Sixth degree burns are typically fatal.

We can imagine fifth and sixth degree burns suffered by poor Father Alexandre and Johiehon, his love interest in Outlander episode 412, Man of Worth.

Diana’s fourth big book, Drums of Autumn details the sad and horrific conflagration as the lovers burned to ash.

When the Indians had nearly finished with the priest, they untied him from the stake and fastened his hands instead to a long pole, held above his head, from which to suspend him in the flames….

… It was then that he had seen the Indian girl standing on Claire’s other side, with a cradleboard in her arms. … “She didna look to left or right, but walked straight into the fire.” … The flames had embraced the girl in moments. 

… “Her clothes caught, and then her hair. By the time she reached him, she was burning like a torch.” Still, he had seen the dark silhouette of her arms, raised to embrace the empty body of the priest. Within moments, it was no longer possible to distinguish man or woman; there was only the one figure, black amid the towering flames.

…The smell of burnt things hung in the air. We passed close by the pit and I couldn’t help seeing from the corner of my eye the heap of charred fragments, shattered ends frosted white with ash.

Hyperthermia: Hyperthermia  occurs if body temperature rises significantly above normal (>104 °F / 40 °C ). Many challenges, including infections, cause excessive body temperature.

Typhoid fever,  a.k.a. enteric fever, is caused by food and water contaminated with salmonella bacteria. Symptoms include:

    • High fever
    • Headache
    • Stomach pain
    • Constipation or diarrhea

A great example of hyperthermia appears in Outlander episode 310, Heaven and Earth. You remember Claire’s splendid  wee aide, Elias, who falls ill with typhoid? Claire is comforts him as he bravely succumbs to fever and dehydration. 😭

Cold temperatures 🥶 also cause thermal injury because the human body is poorly equipped to regulate and prevent heat loss; this is especially true of children and the elderly. Normally, fat deposits, heart, blood vessels, brain, skin, and muscles help combat cold. These organs provide insulation, induce shivering, re-direct blood flow from skin to vital organs, and reduce energy consumption.

However, exposure to cold temperatures over long periods of time overcomes our coping mechanisms and produces a range of thermal cold injuries such as chilblains, hypothermia, and frostbite.

Chilblains: Chilblains is a 16th century term for skin trauma due to repeated expose to cold, but not freezing, air. Digits are most commonly affected. The skin becomes red, swollen ,and itchy (next image), but usually heals without permanent damage.

Outlander TV episodes do not feature chilblains. But have no fear, our amazingly witty and resourceful Diana writes about it in her second book, Dragonfly in Amber, wherein Claire treats imprisoned men with chilblains.

She’s a wonder! Which “she” do I mean? Take your pick – either woman works!

I talked my way into the cells of the prison, and spent some time in treating the prisoners’ ailments, ranging from scurvy and the more generalized malnutrition common in winter, to chafing sores, chilblains, arthritis, and a variety of respiratory ailments.

Ouch, that looks a wee bit uncomfortable!

Hypothermia: Hypothermia occurs when the body’s core temperature drops below 95°F / 35°C as a result of extended cold exposure. Symptoms include low core temperature, vigorous shivering, confusion, sleepiness, slurred speech, shallow breathing, weak pulse, low blood pressure, changes in behavior, and slowed reactions.

Put simply, the victim of hypothermia experiences  the “umbles” meaning grumbles, mumbles, stumbles and fumbles because cold affects muscle and nerve response.

If the core temperature drops to 90º F / 32.2º C, then bradycardia (slow heart rate) and atrial fibrillation (fast and irregular contraction of the heart’s two upper chambers) may ensue.

The teenager, bad-lass Laoghaire, wasn’t suffering from hypothermia when she exposed her “ladies” to Jamie  in Outlander episode 109, The Reckoning, but she was well on her way!

Take a keek at that goose flesh! 😉

Frostbite: Frostbite is cold injury in which the body’s surface is exposed to freezing temperatures; it affects mostly feet, hands, noses, cheeks, and ears. And, as Prince Harry points out in his tell-all book, “Spare,” the todger must be protected from frostbite. This makes sense since it is also an appendage. 😉

Frostbite occurs in three stages:

    • Frostnip: Frostnip is a mild form of frostbite. Continued cold exposure leads to numbness in the affected area. As the skin warms, the sufferer feels pain and tingling but no permanent skin damage.
    • Superficial Frostbite: Superficial frostbite causes slight changes in skin color. The skin may begin to feel warm — a sign of serious skin damage. Rewarming at this stage causes the skin to appear mottled. The victim may notice stinging, burning and swelling. Fluid-filled blisters may appear over the next 12 to 36 hours (next image).
    • Deep Frostbite. As frostbite progresses, it affects all layers of the skin and underlying tissues. The skin turns white or blue-gray; all sensation of cold, pain, or discomfort is lost in the affected area. Joints or muscles may stop working. Large blisters form 24 to 48 hours after rewarming. The tissue turns black and hardens as it dies. Amputation is usually warranted.

Claire teasingly relates how she and Jamie avoid getting frostbite in this steamy tidbit from Drums of Autumn.

His mouth was warm and soft, and whether he approved of what he was doing or not, he did it awfully well.

…“Ooooh,” I said, and shuddered ecstatically as his teeth sank delicately into my earlobe.

….“Oh, well, if it’s like that,” he said in resignation, and taking my hand, pressed it firmly between his thighs.

..“Gracious,” I said. “And here I thought the cold …”

…“It’ll be warm enough soon,” he assured me. “Get them off, aye?”

…It was rather awkward, given the cramped quarters, the difficulty of staying covered in order not to suffer frostbite in any exposed portions, and the fact that Jamie was able to lend only the most basic assistance, but we managed quite satisfactorily nonetheless. 😅

Electrical Injury: What is this? Electrical injury is damage to the skin or internal organs after a person comes into direct contact with a high-voltage source. An electric shock can be life-threatening.

Good advice: Get emergency help if the source of the injury is a high-voltage wire or lightning. Even those with minor injuries or no symptoms should be checked by a physician for internal injuries because these may not be evident to the non-professional.

Rare but life-threatening symptoms include severe burns, muscle pain and contractions, seizures, and unconsciousness. In some cases, heartbeat and breathing may be difficult to detect.

In the US, there are approximately 1000 deaths per year, as a result of electrical injuries. Of these, approximately 400 are high-voltage electrical injuries and lightning causes 50 to 300. There are also at least 30,000 shock incidents per year that are non-fatal.

If you think these stats are grim, consider the UK: Faulty electrical equipment and sockets cause approximately 70 deaths and 350,000 injuries in UK homes every year (RHA, 2022). Such figures show how important it is to follow electrical safety guidelines.

Outlander book and TV don’t really contain much about electrical injury. the closest I can come is Claire’s eerie encounter with Otter-Tooth’s ghost in Outlander episode 403, The False Bride. Here, she experiences the aftermath of a lightning strike.

Diana describes the scene in vivid detail. Again, from Drums of Autumn:

Sheet lightning shimmered far away, across the mountains. Then more bolts, sizzling across the sky, each succeeded by a louder roll of thunder. The hailstorm passed, and the rain resumed, pelting down as hard as ever. The valley below disappeared in cloud and mist, but the lightning lit the stark mountain ridges like bones on an X ray.

I woke all the way to the smell of burning, and sat bolt upright. The rain had stopped; it was the silence that wakened me, I thought. The smell of smoke was still strong in my nostrils…

…The ground rose in front of me to a small ridge. At the top of this stood a large balsam poplar tree, the source of the smoke. The tree had been struck by lightning; half of it still bore green leaves, the canopy bushy against the pale sky. The other half was blackened and charred all down one side of the massive trunk. Wisps of white smoke rose from it like ghosts escaping an enchanter’s bondage, and red lines of fire showed fleetingly, glowing beneath the blackened shell.

Echoes of the shock of impact wavered through my flesh, and I tried frantically to fit myself back into my body. Then I drew breath, a painful gasp, and found myself shaking, the shock turning to the first intimations of damage. I lay still, eyes closed, concentrating on breathing, conducting an inventory. 

…The rain was still pounding down onto my face, puddling in my eye sockets and running down into my ears. My face and hands were numb. My arms moved. I could breathe a little easier now.

Drenched in cold, relentless rain, Claire spies the spooky ghost of Otter-tooth. Careful, lest you get hyperthermic, Claire!

And, there he is. Sharp as an Otter’s Tooth!

That is it for thermal injury. But….

Here’s some exciting thermal news: The US Department of Energy is developing clothes with thermal properties that adapt to the environment and to the wearer’s body. By changing the make-up or shuttling heat to and from the body, the garments can keep people comfortable whatever the external temperature (30 January 2016, New Scientist). I’m ready for one of these jackets, how about you?

Onward! 

Alcohol: Alcohol is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid that is the intoxicating element of wine, beer, and other spirits (duh!); it is also used as a fuel and is an industrial solvent! 😮

How the body handles alcohol: The stomach lining contains alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme which metabolizes alcohol. The liver also has ADH plus other enzymes that help break down alcohol. But, bad news for the lassies: Women naturally have lower levels of GAD than men and often develop higher blood alcohol levels after drinking the same or even less alcohol. So, be wary if ye are an XX!

Claire offers a pithy analysis of alcohol in this quote from the big book, “Drums of Autumn,“wherein Jamie gets John Quincy Myers drunk in preparation for his hernia surgery.  (Psst…Non-book readers ken Claire performed this surgery on Edmond Fanning in episode 408, Wilmington.)

“Alcohol isn’t a good anesthetic at all,” I said, shaking my head. “It’s a poison. It depresses the central nervous system. Put the shock of operating on top of alcohol intoxication, and it could kill him, easily.”

And, there we have it in a nutshell!

Not surprisingly, alcohol is the most widely used and abused toxic agent in the world. (Not meaning to preach as I enjoy a wee bit now and then)

Alcohol injury ranges from binge drinking to full on alcoholism with a myriad of accompanying ailments. Most of us are well-versed on the effects of excessive alcohol intake and realize some effects are acute and others are chronic.

Acute Alcohol Intoxication: In the US, there are over 3,000,000 reported cases of acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) from drinking too much, too quickly. Symptoms include slurred speech, incoordination, mood and behavioral changes, and poor judgement. Acute alcohol intake effects breathing, heart rate, body temperature, gag reflex, and can lead to coma and death. (psst… I wager many more cases go unreported) 🫢

Risk factors include:

      • Injuries, such as motor vehicle crashes, falls, drownings, and burns.
      • Violence, including homicide, suicide, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence.
      • Alcohol poisoning, a medical emergency that results from high blood alcohol levels.
      • Risky sexual behaviors, including unprotected sex or sex with multiple partners. These behaviors can result in unintended pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV.
      • Miscarriage and stillbirth or fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) among pregnant women.
Alcohol intoxication is managed with rest, hydration, and abstaining from alcohol. It is worth noting that severe cases may require hospitalization, intravenous fluids, observation, and supportive care.

Oh, Jamie is in the throes of AAI at Lallybroch (episode 112, Lallybroch). He is stinking drunk as he stumbles into the bedchamber reeking of booze; Claire is not “amoozed.” 

But, he looks marvelous in his da’s splendid leather coat! 😜 

Chronic Alcohol Use: Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS or alcoholism) is a condition characterized by long-term alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse that result in specific physiological and behavioral problems. ADS  includes ten or more different signs and symptoms, but from a medical standpoint, only two are required for diagnosis. Chronic use causes a host of problems, including:
    • High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems.
    • Cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, liver, colon, and rectum.
    • Weakening of the immune system, increasing the chances of illness.
    • Learning and memory problems, including dementia and poor school performance.
    • Mental health problems, including anxiety and depression.
    • Social problems, including family problems, job-related problems, and unemployment.
    • Alcohol use disorders, or alcohol dependence

In season six of Outlander, we witness Fergus falling into ADS as he struggles with the cruelty and intolerance toward his dwarf son (episode 603, Temperance).  Alcohol  is commonly used to cope with personal tragedy and trauma.

You remember Colum MacKenzie back in Outlander, seasons 1 and 2?  Yes, of course ye do! 😊 Claire diagnosed Colum as a sufferer of  Toulouse-Lautrec Syndrome, also known as pycnodysostosis. 

Colum required large quantities of rhenish wine (9% alcohol content) to quell and dispel the agony of his existence (Outlander episode 102, Castle Leoch). 

…  “I beg your pardon?” I turned, having missed Colum’s words in the growing noise, to find him offering me the decanter, a lovely bell-shaped thing of pale green crystal.

The liquid within, seen through the glass, seemed green as the sea-depths, but once poured out it proved to be a beautiful pale-rose color, with the most delicious bouquet. The taste was fully up to the promise, and I closed my eyes in bliss, letting the wine fumes tickle the back of my palate before reluctantly allowing each sip of nectar to trickle down my throat.

“Good, isn’t it?” The deep voice held a note of amusement, and I opened my eyes to find Colum smiling at me in approval. I opened my mouth to reply, and found that the smooth delicacy of the taste was deceptive; the wine was strong enough to cause a mild paralysis of the vocal cords.

“Won—wonderful,” I managed to get out. Colum nodded.

“Aye, that it is. Rhenish, ye know. …”

Clearly, Colum suffered from his genetic disability but also from ADS . Near the end, when rhenish no long offered the needed relief, he turned to Claire to assist him in end of life options (Outlander episode 210 Prestonpans).

ADS is considered a medical emergency because it can lead to coma and death. Guidelines exist about the amount of alcohol the liver can metabolize per hour and these rates should not be exceeded. Again, please get informed if this is an issue in your life.

As a final example, we see wee Flora MacDonald taking a wee nip from her personal hip flask in Outlander, episode 605, Give Me Liberty!  Now, just because she carries a personal flask, it doesn’t mean she is suffering from either acute or chronic alcohol poisoning! 😉

Finally, this is an interesting tidbit. Some people carry a gene variant encoded for alcohol dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2) that stops the enzyme working, so these folks experience flushing soon after drinking. This happens because they have a lowered ability to metabolize alcohol and includes some 8% of the world’s population. Now, a link has been found showing that this gene raises heart disease risk in those who experience alcohol flush (New Scientist, 4 Feb. 2023). The risk of heart disease is four times greater in regular drinkers with the defective gene! if you flush immediately after alcohol ingestion, you may wish to consult your physician?

OK, that is our lesson for today. But before we call it quits let’s have a –

Pop Quiz! 

Name the injury (red arrow) Jamie sports after the Battle of Alamance, in Outlander episode 507, The Ballad of Roger Mac.

What was that you said?

An abrasion?  🚫

A laceration? 🚫🚫

An avulsion? 🚫🚫🚫

What was that you said?

 

 

A contusion? Yep!

Well done, anatomy students! 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

Next time, Part 3!

The deeply grateful,

Outlander Anatomist

Follow me on:

Photo creds: Sony/Starz, www.en.wikipedia, www.britannica.com

 

Posted on

Anatomy Lesson: The Eyes of Aunt Jocasta

Anatomy Def:  Jocasta’s Blindness – painful pressure in the eye

Outlander Def: Jocasta’s Joy – pain relieved by smoking hemp flowers

Greetings, anatomy students!

Let’s learn about the disease that robbed Jocasta Cameron of her eyesight: Glaucoma. Yep, that’s the one. Glaucoma (glaw-koh-muh), is a word derived from the Greek glaukommatos meaning “gray-eyed.”

But, first, a wee divergence for a quick anatomy lesson of the eye which, in my opinion, is the body’s most anatomically elegant structure. This brief review is necessary to glean any useful understanding about this disease. 

Eyeball: The next image shows a horizontal-section of the right eyeball (globe) as seen from above. The diagram shows in succession (from L to R) the cornea, iris, and lens; the opening in the middle of the iris is the pupil (red arrow). 

Two Chambers: The eyeball contains two important spaces (peachy-pink in the image, below). A large area behind the lens is the vitreous chamber – it is shaped like a sphere. In front of the lens is the smaller anterior chamber – it is shaped like a disc. The pupil supplies an open route between the two spaces.

Optic Nerve: At the back of the globe is the large optic nerve, an extension of the brain into the the eyeball. It is formed by filaments from cells of the retina. When photons (packets) of light excite retinal cells, they send signals via the optic nerve to the brain where it interprets the signals as the object viewed. 

Vitreous Chamber: The vitreous chamber is filled with the vitreous body, a jelly-like material that becomes more fluid with age. 

Anterior Chamber: The anterior chamber is filled with a watery substance known as aqueous humor.

Aqueous Humor: Aqueous humor is similar to blood plasma; it fills the anterior chamber (next image). Aqueous humor is produced 24 x 7 –  continuously made by tissues near the lens and constantly drained by tissues near the iris.  

Blue arrows show the direction of flow of the aqueous humor from its production site, through the pupil into the anterior chamber, and then into nearby exits to be carried away.

A very quick lesson, indeed!

Learn more about the eye in not one, but five anatomy lessons! 

Q:  Why so many lessons, prof?  

A: Because the eye is exceedingly complex! 🤓

The lessons are:

*Anatomy Lesson #29: The Eyes Have It!

*Anatomy Lesson #30: Aye, Eye, The Eyes!

*Anatomy Lesson #31: An Aye for an Eye!

*Anatomy Lesson #32: A Real Eye Opener!

*Anatomy Lesson #33: Eyemax!

Glaucoma: When a person suffers from glaucoma, aqueous humor is either overproduced or the production is normal but it does not drain properly, or both may be culprits.  If the fluid cannot drain, not only does it fill the anterior chamber, it also backs into the vitreous chamber. 

Symptoms: So, what happens when aqueous humor builds up? Well, several things, usually over time.

    • Eye pain or pressure
    • Headaches
    • Rainbow-colored halos around lights
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Red eyes
    • Loss of side (peripheral) vision
    • Low vision, blurred vision, narrowed vision (tunnel vision)
    • Blind spots
    • Blindness
  • Not-So-Fun-Fact: Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in people over 60.

Comparison:  Let’s  compare a normal eye (panel A) with a glaucomatous eye (Panel B) so we understand how things work.

    • Panel A shows normal flow and removal of aqueous humor
    • Panel B shows aqueous humor accumulating in anterior chamber and in vitreous chamber because there is too much or it does not drain properly.

Jocasta: Now, we come to the root of Jocasta’s problem (next image). As intraocular pressure builds because of too much aqueous humor, it presses against the fragile retina (yellow layer) and optic nerve causing irreversible damage.  This means the normal response of the retina to photons of light and subsequent transmission to the brain are diminished or cease altogether. Such changes are typically accompanied by misery and pain.

Unfortunately, Claire lacks current methods and medicaments to treat glaucoma. She can provide, however, hemp flowers for a wee pipe!

Now, does this really work?

Yes. Yes. It does.

Smoking hemp decreases intraocular pressure, thus relieving the pain and discomfort of pressure against retina and optic nerve.

Note:  Hemp also reduces blood pressure throughout the entire body, a side effect which might not be beneficial to all individuals, depending on their general health.

But, our Auntie Jo feels better and is even giddy!

(I love those goblets! 😍)

I should clarify that research showing the effects of smoking hemp on glaucoma wasn’t proven until the 1970s, a few years after Claire’s return to the eighteenth century. In her defense, the good doctor may have learned anecdotally about such benefits before she took her long and winding road back to Jamie.

Etiology (cause) of Glaucoma: Although we speak of glaucoma as a single disease, it is not. Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that cause vision loss and blindness. The two most common types are:

    • Open angle – drainage routes are blocked – progresses slowly
    • Closed angle – drainage routes are blocked –  progresses more rapidly and is usually more severe

Treatments: Treatments include eye drops and surgery. These  may be used separately or together for treatment.

    • Eye drops – reduce intraocular pressure. Glaucoma must be detected early to be effective
    • Laser Eye Surgery – Improves drainage via normal routes
    • Tube Shunt Surgery – Small device is placed in eye to augment fluid drainage
    • Trabeculectomy – Delicate surgery creating new drainage ports 

Claire’s solution of hemp smoking is entirely different than what she does in the book. Read on and you will see why.

Read about Claire’s gutsy and unorthodox treatment of Jocasta’s glaucoma in Diana’s sixth big book, A Breath of Snow and Ashes. Here, she pierces the eyeball with a carpet needle, allowing excess fluid to seep out and relieve the unrelenting pressure and pain.

(Pssst…..  The escaping fluid is aqueous humor, not vitreous 🤫)

Even as I talked, I’d got out the tiny spirit lamp I carried in my case. The fire had been allowed to burn down on the hearth, but there were still live coals; I bent and lit the wick, then opened the needle case I’d taken from the sitting room and abstracted the largest needle in it, a three-inch length of steel, used for mending carpets.

“You aren’t …” Jamie began, then broke off, swallowing.

“I have to,” I said briefly. “There’s nothing else. Hold her hands.”

He was nearly as pale as Jocasta, but he nodded and took hold of the clutching fingers, pulling her hands gently away from her head.

I lifted away the linen bandage. The left eye bulged noticeably beneath its lid, vividly bloodshot. Tears welled up round it and overflowed in a constant stream. I could feel the pressure inside the eyeball, even without touching it, and clenched my teeth in revulsion.

No help for it. With a quick prayer to Saint Clare—who was, after all, patroness of sore eyes, as well as my own patron saint—I ran the needle through the flame of the lamp, poured pure alcohol onto a rag, and wiped the soot from the needle.

Swallowing a sudden excess of saliva, I spread the eyelids of the affected eye apart with one hand, commended my soul to God, and shoved the needle hard into the sclera of the eye, near the edge of the iris.

…  I withdrew the needle carefully, though as fast as I could. Jocasta had stiffened abruptly, frozen stiff, hands clawed over Jamie’s. She didn’t move at all, but made small, shocked panting sounds, as though afraid to move enough even to breathe.

There was a trickle of fluid from the eye, vitreous humor, faintly cloudy, just thick enough to be distinguishable as it flowed sluggishly across the wet surface of the sclera. I was still holding the eyelids apart; I plucked a rag from the goldenseal tea with my free hand, squeezed out the excess liquid, careless of where it went, and touched it gently to her face. Jocasta gasped at the touch of the warmth on her skin, pulled her hands free, and grasped at it.

I let go then, and allowed her to seize the warm rag, pressing it against her closed left eye, the heat of it some relief.

Now, you might think this extreme, but the only other remedy Claire could offer would be to remove one or both of Jo’s eyes!

Well done, Claire! 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

See Claire treat Auntie’s glaucoma in Outlander episode 605, Give Me Liberty!

I think Aunt Jo might welcome the hemp just a wee bit more than that needle jab, eye? 😉

The deeply grateful,

Outlander Anatomist

Follow me on:

Photo Credits: Starz, www.aao.org, www.allaboutvision.com, www.majordifferences.com, www.ohioeyesurgeons.com, www.2020pittsburgh.com

Posted on

Fun Fact: Frontalis

 

Anatomy def: Frontalis muscles  lift the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead 

Outlander def: Fergus! Ye are needed and loved says Jamie. 😥

Frontalis is derived from the Latin word frons meaning “front” or “forehead.”

Frontalis is pronounced as:  fron·ta·lis \ˌfrən-ˈtā-ləs\

Frontalis are paired muscles of facial expression, one of about 20 pairs! Their only purpose in humans is to convey emotion.

Frontalis muscles cover the forehead. They are flat, thin, four-sided (quadrilateral) muscles that arise from connective tissue of the scalp and end in skin above the eyebrows and nose (next image).

If contracted, these muscles lift the eyebrows and wrinkle forehead skin, conveying strong emotions such as concern, worry, surprise, concentration, and anger. 

Learn more about frontalis muscles in Anatomy Lesson #11, “Jamie’s Face or Ye do it Face to Face?” 

Read about Jamie’s forehead in Diana’s sixth big book, A Breath of Snow and Ashes:

I had the oddest feeling, then—as though the strength he had clung to had now been let go … and was flowing into me. My tenuous grip on my own body firmed as I held his, and my heart ceased wavering, taking up instead its normal solid, tireless beating.

The tears had retreated, though they were precariously near the surface. I traced the lines of his face with my fingers, ruddy bronze and lined with sun and care; the high forehead with its thick auburn brows, and the broad planes of his cheek, the long straight nose, straight as a blade. The closed eyes, slanted and mysterious with those odd lashes of his, blond at the root, so deep an auburn at the tips as to seem almost black.

“Don’t you know?” I said very softly, tracing the small, neat line of his ear. Tiny, stiff blond hairs sprouted in a tiny whorl from the tagus, tickling my finger. “Don’t any of you know? That it’s you. Not what you can give, or do, or provide. Just you.”

Do Claire’s murmurings sound familiar? Jamie uses nearly the same words to encourage Fergus after his suicide attempt.

See Jamie wrinkle his brow at Fergus in Outlander episode 603, Tolerance.

Join the Outlanderbts lasses as we discuss Outlander episode 603!

The deeply grateful,

Outlander Anatomist

Follow me on:

Photo Credits: Starz, www.centerforfacialappearances.com